Effects Of Alcohol Abuse On Children - 1698 Words

Abstract The influence of alcohol advertising has been around for many years. People don’t understand the damage that alcohol abuse can cause and will cause if someone decides to start drinking on a regular. Often time’s people begin to drink because they are stressed and becomes a habit that one can no longer over come. Once down that road it is hard to recover, but if you are willing to recover there is always clinics and family that will help. Alcohol abuse and enslavement are enormous current issues of the created world having multivariate causality and numerous impacts. Alcohol abuse in youngsters is a matter of focal significance because of its wide range enduring impacts, so as adults we need to install in the children today more about the effects of alcohol abuse. Introduction Temptation has at one time overpowered every one of us in our lives and the length of one does not permit it to expend him/her then they are in a solid perspective. However when allurement turns into a hotspot for one s social and individual end then it has metastasized into enslavement. Liquor use in a group with abiding more established grown-ups is basic, and the line between social or moderate drinking and liquor misuse and physical reliance is frequently not clear. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism characterizes over the top drinking as more than 14 drinks a week and/or more than 4 drinks at the same sitting. A meaning of enslavement is having a reliance to aShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Alcohol Abuse On Children1321 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Alcohol abuse and alcoholism can affect all aspects of a person’s life.† Even though it is legal for anybody at least age twenty-one and over, alcohol is commonly abused among adults. When people think abou t alcohol abuse, they usually only focus on the one person who is drinking in excess, but what if that person has a family or is a parent? How does alcoholism affect their children or loved ones? The majority of people would suggest that binge drinking only mainly affects the one person doingRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Children s Relationship With Alcohol Abuse964 Words   |  4 Pagesseven goes in depth to reflect on families coping with alcohol abuse. The textbook is straightforward about children with one or both alcoholic parents in treatment and recovery from alcohol abuse. As much as the substance abusing parent needs help, so do the children in the family (Price, Price and McKenry, 2010, p. 152). Relative to the Green family, the authors discuss alcohol-specific effects involving the parent’s relationship to alcohol and how these behaviors are related to their child’s behaviorRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol Abuse1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing things t hey should not. Alcohol is one of those things. Alcohol is extremely easy to get ahold of. It can be attained from anywhere; there are bars and liquor stores on every corner. One can get alcohol in grocery stores, gas stations, people can even brew it themselves if they know how. Alcohol that is commonly abused comes in a large variety ranging from weaker alcohols like wine and beer to stronger substances like tequila and vodka. When one abuses alcohol it taints the minds of even theRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Alcoholism1194 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Alcoholism Alcoholism has become prevalent throughout time in History. This affliction has brought about several negative effects to the users as well as America’s society in general. Such effects include brain damage or organ failure, separation from family and eventually death. It is not easy to tell if a person abuses alcohol until much later. Alcohol abuse calls for total attention because of the violence-related risks it symbolizes in society. Despite alcohol’s acute harmfulRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into whyRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MoreLong T erm Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 PagesLong-term effects of child sexual abuse Child Abuse can be a fundamental reason of causing issues for children and young people in physically and mentally. The primitive damage caused by child sexual abuse effect on the child’s developing capacities for trust, intimacy, agency and sexuality so that child sexual abuse is considered as a trigger of mental health problems and increase the risk of major depressive disorder in early adulthood or throughout their lifetime. There is a fact that thoseRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Issue That s Going On Every Day1037 Words   |  5 PagesChild abuse is an issue that’s going on every day. Child abuse is defined as harmful behaviors against children which can become psychological. Child abuse includes different conditions. It can harm children and teenagers in different ways, including being abused sexually, physically abused, child neglect, emotional neglect and abuse, and failure to thrive. These conditions can effect a child or a teenager’s in different ways. I t can interfere with the way the child turns out to be in the futureRead MoreWhat Is the Appeal of Alcohol?1662 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is one of the most abused drugs in the world. Why do people use alcohol in the first place? Many people do experience a relaxed feeling known as a â€Å"buzz,† after having alcohol. They only focus on the pleasurable feeling the alcohol bestows on them. Each person has a different reason for drinking alcohol. Most people want to have an enjoyable time with others and drink. Others may drink to escape stress caused by a tough day in the office or being laid off from the company. Alcoholic parentsRead MoreAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Drug Dependence1054 Words   |  5 Pagesmembers and friends. It is important, to understand the effects that alcoholism can bring to the alcoholic and to the family members. Some of these effects cause health, emotional, physical, and financial problems all affecting the consumer which can be male or female, and the family members. It is important to point out that alcoholism has a cure which requires a long treatment of therapy and support from family members and friends. One of the effects that affect the family is the health of the consumer

The Insider Secret on Writing Assessment Revealed

The Insider Secret on Writing Assessment Revealed Job applicants should always ask questions should they feel they don't understand just what is required of them in the work essay question. A student should score 400800 in GMAT examination to find admission in post graduate courses all over the world. Students will need to declare their intent to void the test till they depart the room where the test was proctored. Needless to say however great your English is you still should find out the suitable approach to attack the IELTS writing test. Writing Assessment: No Longer a Mystery Understanding how to address primary purpose questions is particularly important once the RC passage is a long one with many paragraphs. The main objective is the usual theme that unites the entire passage. Students need to show an array of punctuation like question marks, commas, apostrophes, speech marks, colons, semi-colons and dashes in order to reach the maximum mark feasible for punctuation. The Basics of Writing Assessment Whilst a student, you've got to provide your level best in every section. Each kindergarten class performs the exact same assessment in the very same way. On the reverse side, high performing students might not receive the concrete feedback they should assist their teac hers and families to identify more challenging work. Whatever methods of assessment you decide on, make sure to let students in on how they are going to be evaluated. Common student errors supply the ideal source of distractors. There are a few jobs in which applicants will need to write assessment essays as a way to be hired for the job. The email includes instructions for internet accessibility to the scores. If your aim is to traffic in mainstream, commercial movies, I am unable to overstate the value of your spec script's story idea. Or the future holds the key to every one of our problems. It ought to be incumbent upon every man leading a meeting to get the most effective path to the absolute most meaningful effects. It is essential for a student to take the correct decision at the perfect moment. Things You Won't Like About Writing Assessment and Things You Will A little outline can make a big difference on the planet when it has to do with creating an effective and purposeful outline. With so many writing tasks readily available, you've got access to jobs that provide competitive pay and cover a wide variety of topics. As student s become accustomed to the marking abbreviations, it is going to be comparatively simple for them to decide what kinds of errors they're making and in which specific areas they should improve. If you save all of the information that you gather about the assignment in 1 file you will have all the information in 1 place when you begin writing. It is imperative to pick the very best writing help for assessment homework at the exact first case. As a teacher is deciding how to best prepare and assess her or his students, the instructor ought to take the benefits and drawbacks of each type of testing under consideration. A written assessment can arrive in many forms, based on just what the teacher desires. New Step by Step Roadmap for Writing Assessment Employees will need to remember to at all times be professional when writing self-assessments. Students want to demonstrate that understand how to use complicated words and use them in context. You are able to understand how different two people are able to view the identical poem. The very idea of reading poems is boring and can't resonate with the present generation. Spelling big words incorrectly won't influence their spelling marks in any respect. Sad to say, the children's writing simply didn't meet all the standards. Out of all the 4 strands, it seems to always be the hardest for students across the nation. Over the last three decades with the debut of a variety of Education Reform Acts across Europe we have observed a significant shift in attitude in design education. Employees want to point to certain tasks and projects that highlight their very best work. Students of all levels may benefit from having the ability to express themselves in a range of writing forms. Teachers assess in several different ways. An additional way to engage learners is by utilizing reflection questions. Either way, students may use partial knowledge to reach a proper answer. Each teacher could decide to assess students in their very own way, each time they see fit. When you're an English teacher, there are too many methods to teach.

The Grass Eaters Response free essay sample

The Grass Eaters is a short story written by Krishnan Varma that took place in Calcutta, India in 1985. The author wrote about Ajit Babu and his wife Swapna, a couple left their home city running from the war between Muslims and Hindus. The poor family is struggling to find a better place to live secure and stable and suffering to survive on the poor pension they gets. Ajit Babu’s family had a lot of difficulties to find a better place to live running from a war between Muslims and Hindus. First, when they came to Calcutta they had no place to stay. The couple were looking for more stable, more secure and more private home, therefore they were forced to live in a different places starting from a very crowded foot path â€Å"if you got up at night to relieve yourself you could not be sure of finding your place again† p167, moving to an abandoned wagon at the railway terminus and ending in an old pipe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Grass Eaters Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ajit Babu is an optimist person who always sees the bright side. Thus, he still happy with his life despite of loosing his four children and living a miserable life. Motivated by his pregnant wife Ajit Babu was searching for better place to live in order to provide stability, security, privacy and comfort. Ajit Babu is a retired teacher and his wife does not work, the pension they get from the government is not enough for anything.Theycannot even fulfill the daily basic needs. Therefore, they are trying to economize the money; they are feeding on boiled grass mixed with spices instead of normal food, collecting pieces of coal from the railway track and eat rice gruel when the prices get higher. Moreover, the poor man is eating less and less food every day. Despite their horrible life with no home and no food moving from a place to other looking for safety and stability. However, Ajit Babu still happy to have something to eat and a son that could do their funeral rites when they die believing in the next reincarnation and that his could be born again into a higher state.

My Dog free essay sample

Carefully carried the dog to the car but before that I placed some newspaper on the car’s seat because the dog might vomit or pee due to drowsiness in long distance travelling. Then said bye to my sister in law and I moved from their place, and when I was driving I heard a sound urweerghh urwerghh urwerghh. . . . . . hmm wat was that? Mum and I was surprised and she turn around to look at the puppy and then she told me stop the car!!! And I asked her why what happened? She said ur dog has vomited in the car, then I drove to the nearest rest house, got down and cleaned n wiped him with tissue paper and I replaced the paper in the car and luckily I placed some paper before letting him sit if no I would have been cleaning the rite now. Soon we reached home then now its time to find a place for my cute little puppy to sleep and relax. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dog or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At first I just let him roam around the house compound to let him get used to the environment. Waited for my dad to get home then I took him to the pets shop to get my new dog some accessories, I bought him a collar belt, a long belt, a plate to eat and drink water, milk, puppy food, toys and biscuits.. the cashier count and count and count then the bill was RM 120! ! ! fuhh!! Having a puppy dog is so expensive, then came back home and now its time to feed my new puppy so I gave him some puppy food with milk and waited there to see the reaction of the puppy but it doesn’t want to eat, then came my father trying to convince him hmm still no improvement. I told my father: its ok pa this is the first day so we just leave it maybe its having some stomach upset so that it doesn’t want to eat. So I just left the food and went inside , I didn’t prepare a kennel for him because its still small to lock him so I just plan to collar him and long tie him up to the gate with the long belt but due to new environment and new place I just let him untied. I was cracking my head†¦ for what? What to the name the puppy? But since I like the name very much I choose to name I tat way. Then its time for me to study about Rottweiler because I wanted to take this dog for competition I cannot just take care of the dog without some knowledge about it because dog are very sensitive especially imported breed dogs need special attention and care as well†¦ so I just browsed the internet and got some information follows: The Rottweiler is a medium to large size breed of domestic dog that originated in Rottweiler, Germany. The dogs were known as Rottweiler butchers dogs (German: Rottweiler Metzgerhund) because they were used to herd livestock and pull carts laden with butchered meat and other products to market. Some records indicate that earlier Rottweiler’s may have also been used for hunting, although the modern Rottweiler has a relatively low hunting instinct. The Rottweiler was employed in its traditional roles until the mid-19th century when railways replaced droving for getting livestock to market. While still used in herding, Rottweiler’s are now also used in search and rescue, as guide dogs for the blind, as guard or police dogs, and in other roles. Although a versatile breed used in recent times for many purposes, the Rottweiler is primarily known as one of the oldest herding breeds. A multi-faceted herding and stock protection dog, it is capable of working all kinds of livestock under a variety of conditions. The breeds history likely dates to the Roman Empire. In those times, the Roman legion traveled with working dogs to herd the cattle needed to feed the army. The skull is of medium length, broad between the ears. The forehead line is moderately arched as seen from the side, with the occipital bone well developed without being conspicuous. The stop is well defined. The Rottweiler nose is well developed, more broad than round, with relatively large nostrils and always black. The muzzle should appear neither elongated nor shortened in relation to the cranial region. The nasal bridge is broad at the base and moderately tapered. The lips are black and close fitting with the corner of the mouth not visible. The gums should be as dark as possible. Both the upper and lower jaws are strong and broad. According to the FCI Standard Rottweiler’s should have strong and complete dentition (42 teeth) with scissor bite, the upper incisors closely overlapping the lower incisors. The zygomatic arches should be pronounced. The eyes should be of medium size, almond-shaped and dark brown in color. The eyelids are close fitting. The ears are medium-sized, pendant, triangular, wide apart, and set high on the head. With the ears laid forward close to the head, the skull appears to be broadened. The skin on the head is tight fitting overall. When the dog is alert, the forehead may be slightly wrinkled. The neck is strong, of fair length, well muscled, slightly arched, clean, free from throatiness. The back is straight, strong and firm. The loins are short, strong and deep. The croup is broad, of medium length, and slightly rounded, neither flat nor falling away. The chest is roomy, broad and deep (approximately 50% of the shoulder height) with a well-developed fore chest and well sprung ribs. The flanks are not tucked up. Docking is banned in many countries, but remains egal in others, Rottweiler tail is level in extension of the upper line; at ease it may be hanging â€Å"When seen from the front, the front legs are straight and not placed close to each other. The forearm, seen from the side, stands straight and vertical. The slope of the shoulder blade is about 45 degrees. The shoulders are well laid back. The upper arm is close fitting to the body. The forearm is strongly developed and muscular. Pasterns are slightly springy, strong but not steep. The front feet are round, tight and well arched, the pads hard, nails are short, black and strong. When seen from behind, the rear legs are straight and not too close together. When standing free, obtuse angles are formed between the dog’s upper thigh and the hip bone, the upper thigh and the lower thigh, and the lower thigh and metatarsal. The upper thigh is moderately long, broad and strongly muscled. The lower thigh is long, strongly and broadly muscled, sinewy. The hocks are sturdy, well angulated, not steep. The hind feet are slightly longer than the front feet. Toes are strong, arched, as tight as the front feet. Rottweiler’s are a powerful breed with well-developed genetic herding and guarding instincts. As with any breed, potentially dangerous behavior in Rottweiler’s usually results from irresponsible ownership, abuse, neglect, or lack of socialization and training. However, the exceptional strength of the Rottweiler is an additional risk factor not to be neglected. It is for this reason that breed experts recommend that formal training and extensive socialization are essential for all Rottweiler’s. A Rottweiler is self-confident and responds quietly and with a wait-and-see attitude to influences in its environment. It has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog. Rottweiler’s have a natural gathering style with a strong desire to control. They generally show a loose-eye and have a great amount of force while working well off the stock. They make much use of their ability to intimidate. The Rottweiler often carries the head on an even plane with the back or carries the head up but with the neck and shoulders lowered. Some females lower the entire front end slightly when using their eyes. Males also do this when working far off the stock in an open field. This is rarely seen in males when working in confined spaces such as stock yards. The Rottweiler has a reasonably good natural balance, force-barks when necessary, and when working cattle uses a very intimidating charge. There is a natural change in forcefulness when herding sheep. When working cattle it may use its body and shoulders and for this reason should be used on horned stock with caution. The Rottweiler, when working cattle, searches out the dominant animal and challenges it. Upon proving its control over that animal it settles back and tends to its work. After a long study about this I have learned a lot in how to take of the dog I owned. As usual days went and it has been a week plus ZUMBHA staying with us, naturally it was a very playful and active dog but after about a week it doesn’t want t drink anything and it always looked very inactive and sad†¦ I gave him all kind of food even the canned foods which dogs always love but it doesn’t want to eat anything but why? So the next day I took ZUMBHA to the vet nearby to my house. The doctor checked him and asked me what happen to your dog so I told him that its not eating from yesterday and its having diarrhea and vomiting, then the doctor gave him a few injection and a few medicines and for the first time I saw such a big injection for such a small dog? I feel pity for the little fellow it screamed loudly till my father who waited outside came into the room. Then we went back so I gave him the medicines according to the doctor’s prescription but its condition was still not good as it didn’t stop vomiting and its diarrhea continous so I got even more scared but unfortunately it was Saturday night and almost all the vet will be closed by that time, I called up so many friends to find out whether is there 24hours vet anywhere and at last I found one so I quickly rushed and the nurse came out as I was carrying ZUMBHA in my arms. The nurse asked: what happen to your dog and I answered her and without any answer about the dog she just continued saying that ms its now over consulting hours so once the doctor check your dog the consultation fees will be RM 90 but when I look at the dog I think we will admit it and the deposit for the admission will be RM 700 STOP!!!! I shouted at her what kind of clinic is this u don even touch my dog? U don’t even let me in to see the doctor and u stop me in front of the gate and you are talking about money while my dog is sick†¦ your attitude is more worst than a dog†¦ I told her directly : look I don’t mind paying you but your service is very bad when u don even check my dog and all u want was money!!!!!! That night I couldn’t sleep I was giving ZUMBHA some glucose due to its condition was getting weak and helpless†¦. I stayed up till the next morning pumping glucose water every one hour but it continued vomiting and started to diarrhea blood. I got even more scared about him and I was worried what’s going on with this little boy? Waited for the next morning and I took him to the vet that I know, the doctor took its blood and checked him and gave him some drips in a few minutes the doctor gave me the results, actually ZUMBHA was infected with virus named as PARVOVIRUS which is very common among Rottweiler’s and he said no promises but I will try my best to save him, I felt very sad and the doctor admitted the dog and I went back home. As it was Sunday the clinic was closed and the doctor’s next check up will be at 8, he called me n told ZUMBHA’s condition is even more worst than afternoon there is where I lost hope, I was sleepless the whole night waiting for the next morning because I wanted to visit ZUMBHA but before that I received a call from the doctor around 8 am saying that the dog is dead and you can collect it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ cracked and crushed all my dream and hope to have a good dog†¦.

Cultural diversity

Cultural diversity Introduction Islam is one of the major world religions believed to have its roots in the prophet Muhammad. He said to have received revelations from God through angel Gabriel. Islam has grown rapidly and the presence of those who profess this faith can be seen in many countries. The religion is known for its strict sharpie laws derived from their Holy Book, the Koran.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These laws deal with all spheres of life and hence become the foundation of how the followers of this religion should live their daily lives. Issues about family relations, prayers, and other important issues touching on life are addressed in the Koran. The description of customary practices within the culture It is not possible to separate Islam as a religion and the way one who professes the faith lives because it has been said to be a way of life. This is because the religion stipulates the basics of how one should live from birth, throughout life and even the rites accompanying death. The following are examples of customary practices within the Islamic culture. The birth of a child is usually a happy occasion for the family and the child is considered a gift from God. There are laws governing the naming of a child depending on the sex of the child. A male child for example should be given a name that shows dedication to God or one of the messengers of God. Names of friends the founder of this religion, Prophet Muhammad may also be used. For a female child, the names of women who appear in the Holy Book or those of the Prophet’s family members may be used (Huda, 2011). Issues related to courtship and marriage is also addressed. Choosing a person to marry is taken as a very serious decision which requires a lot of prayer and to an extent the contribution of the family members. This is because the marriage is considered to be a very importa nt unit in the society. Marriage can therefore be possible only between two people professing this religion. Inter-faith marriages are not allowed but there is an exception. A Muslim man is at times allowed to marry a religious and devout Christian or a Jew but a Muslim woman is not. If any man wishes to marry a Muslim woman, he must first convert to the religion. A Muslim husband is supposed to supply all basic needs of the family. The importance of education is also emphasized. Education is normally seen as an important aspect in life everyone is entitled to. The parents therefore are left with the decision to educate their children to highest level possible because it is seen as a process that continues throughout life. It is common for a majority of Muslims to also learn Arabic. This is because Muslims find themselves using this language when it comes to prayer times and reading of Koran.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also restrictions as to what is lawful to eat and drink and what is unlawful. The Muslims are allowed to eat and drink all things with the exceptions of what has been said to be unlawful by God. These include pork and alcohol. Dead animals are also prohibited. The mode of slaughter of an animal also determines whether a Muslim is allowed to eat that particular meat or not. This is because they believe in the invoking of God’s name in recognition of how sacred life is during slaughter and that they are only doing so because God has allowed them (Huda, 2011) Improper mode of dressing is totally prohibited especially among women. Being appropriately dressed is not optional but a requirement for both men and women. Women are supposed to cover their entire body. They are also not allowed to wear tight clothing which shows the shape of their body. Transparent clothes are also prohibited among the Muslims. Clothes also meant to draw a lot of attention for example very shiny ones are not allowed. One is generally supposed to be decent. The culture’s portrayal in the media and its effect The media has had a significant role to play concerning the portrayal of the Islamic culture. The picture the media paints of this culture is mostly a negative one. This is because it is portrayed as being a culture of terrorism and of people who are involved with activities that cause disturbance of peace. This has happened partly due to lack of enough information about Islam and partly due to lack of tolerance of this religion. This explains why many people have a negative opinion about this religion (Anser, 1995). Many people rely on the media for information about many things and especially concerning the events taking place in the world. When the media, therefore presents any kind of information about Islam to those who know little or nothing at all about the religion, it is considered to be the tru th. The report about Islam in the media has been predominantly that of people who are ready to fight and the concept of Jihad has more often been blown out of proportion (Anser, 1995). The truth, however, is that Muslims are not allowed to initiate war by attacking their rivals but are only allowed to fight for self-defense or when defending their religion. The issue of portraying Islam as a ‘fighting’ religion has therefore been there because of ignorance of those reporting for the different media houses. The Holy Book used by the Muslims, the Koran, promotes peaceful coexistence among people (Akel, n.d). Another area of misrepresentation of the Islamic culture is concerning the position and rights of women. The media depicts the women in this culture as oppressed and undermined and the men ruling over them with harsh rules and regulations. The religion has been considered to be male dominated due to the media’s incorrect reports.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Cultural diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The truth however is that the existing laws in this culture concerning women are not oppressive and if correctly applied, they are designed to liberate women instead of enslaving them. Wearing modest clothes for example is to their advantage because it prevents the women from unnecessary attention from men which may results to rape cases. There has also been a challenge for the media reporters to differentiate between Islam as a religion and the political situation of most Islamic countries, in many cases what happens in these countries has been interpreted as being synonymous with what is acceptable in the religion. When there are cases of war and other bloody scenes in the countries with large Muslim populations, it is commonly seen as a religious act because this is the portrayal of the media (Akel, n.d). People in Islamic countries have also been portrayed as illiterate and the religion as being a hindrance to acquiring education. This is not true because the right to education is granted by the Koran. The choice therefore whether to get educated or not to lies solely in an individual. How to overcome misperceptions of other cultures by criminal justice professionals Misperceptions and stereotypes when interacting with other cultures are not uncommon. This problem can be solved through several ways especially among the criminal justice professionals. Since media is a powerful tool of conveying important information to the public, it can be used as a tool for correcting the misperceptions about diverse cultures and especially the Islamic culture. This is as a result of the leading role it has played in the misrepresentation of the same. Proper and accurate information about any given culture is important before any media house reports anything about the culture. This helps solve the problems of half truths or lies spread about a certain c ulture by the media due to ignorance or being biased towards a given culture as has happened with the Islamic culture (Esposito, 1992). There should be enough training and literature materials given to the criminal justice professionals to help them understand and also interpret to the public the difference between Islamic culture and political occurrences in Islamic states. This also helps solve the problem of viewing everyone professing this faith as a terrorist. Effective strategies for working and interacting with members of other cultures Since there are many cultural groups in then world, it is important for people to learn effective strategies for working and interacting with members of other cultures. One important strategy is to develop tolerance to other cultures. This helps one to bear with aspects of the other culture which may not be found in one’s culture. When this happens, peaceful coexistence is promoted.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another way is trying to understand the other cultures in depth to avoid half truths or complete lack of knowledge about the culture, this also helps someone to correct any prejudices and stereotypes held against a given culture due to ignorance. This way, people from different cultural groups are able to live harmoniously. Influential groups like the media can also help correct any false beliefs about a certain culture after they (the media) have had accurate information about the culture and report issues without being biased. This is because most people rely on the media for information and therefore any wrong information about a particular culture misleads a majority of people who may not have another way of accessing the truth (Esposito, 1992). Reflection on the personal impact of the assignment Through this assignment, I have realized how easy it is to be prejudiced against certain cultures we know little or nothing at all about. In the case of Islamic culture, I have learnt a lot about their customary laws and other misperceptions about the religion. The stereotypes concerning Islam have therefore been replaced by the truth of what actually Islam is about. The importance of valuing cultural diversity and seeing the beauty of these diversities has also been learnt. Those of other cultures should therefore, not be viewed as enemies to be destroyed but we should seek to understand them and try to promote harmonious coexistence. Conclusion Cultural diversity is present everywhere in the world and should not be used as an excuse for causing chaos in any part of the world. People should try to learn how to live peacefully with others despite their cultural and other diverse differences. It is only this way that incidents of cultural prejudices and stereotypes will reduce and more productivity be seen in places where there are many people of different cultures living together. This is especially important when dealing with the people of the Islamic faith which has been misrepresented. Reference List Akel, B. (n.d). Islam for today: Islam and the Western Media. Web. Anser, H. (1995). Invitation to Islam: Islamic Stereotypes in Western Mass  Media. Web. Esposito, J. (1992). The Islamic threat: Myth or reality. New York, NY. Oxford University Press. Huda, D. (2011). Islamic  Living: Guide to Islam. New York: About.com. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/islam-4684871 Cultural diversity Cultural diversity has become increasing important in today’s business environment. Advancement in technology has brought about globalization and thus many businesses have workers from different backgrounds.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Cultural diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hiring a culturally diverse workforce is important. A diverse workforce can be beneficial to a business although some difficulties may arise in managing it. A manager’s ability to manage the culturally diverse workforce is significant for an organization’s success. Advantages of cultural diversity Any kind of business requires people with diverse skills, knowledge and experiences. Employing people from diverse backgrounds can give a company the advantage of having a wider pool of skills and experiences. Different perspective Different people have different points of view. Having a culturally diverse workf orce can open up opportunities for a business as people from different cultures may bring in different perspectives that benefit the company. For example, an employee from a certain background can give ideas about products or services that may interest a certain community thus creating a business opportunity for the company. The diversity helps the company in innovation, flexibility, problem-solving creativity, and decision-making. Thus, a diverse workforce can help a company tap into unknown markets (Bhadury, Mighty Damar, 2000). Business opportunity A company finds opportunities to exploit in its line of business. A culturally diverse workforce can give a company an edge. People from different backgrounds bring in a wealth of different experiences and skills and so a company should benefit from its workforce by embracing cultural diversity. Besides, employing people from different backgrounds gives a company a wider pool from which to choose their employees. For example, IBM incr eased its revenue between 1998 and 2001 by embracing cultural diversity and making partnerships with diverse vendors (Thomas 2004).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing diversity effectively The success of a diverse team depends on how effectively a manager manages it. The manager must be wiling to be flexible and understand the cultural differences among his or her team. Different people have different cultural characteristics thus a manager needs to learn them in order to deal effectively with a diverse workforce. Hofstede classified countries according to the culture dimensions and put them into various categories such as – power distance, collectivism vs. individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long term vs. short-term orientation and indulgence vs. constraint (Meads Andrews, 2009). People under these dimensions behave , communicate and have different expectations. It is imperative that a manger learns the differences to manage his or her team smoothly. The manager must learn to treat workers uniquely because the approach of â€Å"one size fits all† will not help in managing a diverse workforce (Mor Barak, 2000. p. 347). The manager must come up with strategies that work for his or her particular team and not rely on those that have always worked in the past. Difficulties of a managing a diverse team Conversely, difficulties arise when dealing with a diverse workforce. For instance, miscommunication. Miscommunication is a major difficulty which may arise when people speak different languages or when they make different interpretations of communication. It might also be difficult to reach an agreement when people have different points of views and thus decision-making may take a long time. Workers may fear and resist the change brought about by diversity (Chevrier, 2003). Ethical leadership concepts in cross cultural management A successful company requires ethical leadership. A leader who practices the concepts of ethical leadership is bound to lead an organization to success. Through ethical communication, a manager should set standards of truth when dealing with diverse employees. The employees should always be truthful with the manager and him or her with them. A leader must ensure that quality is maintained in all aspects of the business and the employees will strive to maintain quality. Moreover, leaders must practice ethical collaboration by ensuring they seek advice from people who are qualified to give trustworthy advice on the matters of the company. A leader must plan for succession by identifying employees with potential to lead.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Cultural diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is important to prepare them for their future role in leadership. A l eader should select an employee from the pool of workers regardless of their backgrounds to give every employee a fair chance in the company. Lastly, a leader should not hold on to power in an organization and should give other employees a chance to lead the organization too. References Bhadury, J., Mighty, E.J. Damar, H. 2000. Maximizing workforce diversity in project teams: a network flow approach. The International Journal of  Management Science, 28 (2), pp.143–153. Chevrier, S., 2003. Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups.  Journal of World Business, 38, (2), pp.141–144. Meads, R., Andrews, T.G., 2009. International management. 4th ed. England: John Wiley and Sons Mor Barak, M.E. (2000) The inclusive workplace: an ecosystems approach to diversity management. Social Work, 45 (4), pp. 339–352. Thomas, D.A. (2004) Diversity as strategy. Harvard Business Review, 82, (9), pp. 98–108.

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio In October-December of 1835, rebellious Texans (who referred to themselves as â€Å"Texians†) laid siege to the city of San Antonio de Bà ©xar, the largest Mexican town in Texas. There were some famous names among the besiegers, including Jim Bowie, Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, James Fannin, and Francis W. Johnson. After about a month and a half of siege, the Texians attacked in early December and accepted the Mexican surrender on December 9. War Breaks out in Texas​ By 1835, tensions were high in Texas. Anglo settlers had come from the USA to Texas, where land was cheap and plentiful, but they chafed under Mexican rule. Mexico was in a state of chaos, having only won its independence from Spain in 1821. Many of the settlers, in particular, the new ones who were flooding into Texas daily, wanted independence or statehood in the USA. Fighting broke out on October 2, 1835, when rebellious Texians opened fire on Mexican forces near the town of Gonzalez. March on San Antonio San Antonio was the most important town in Texas and the rebels wanted to capture it. Stephen F. Austin was named commander of the Texian army and immediately marched on San Antonio: he arrived there with some 300 men in mid-October. Mexican General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, brother-in-law of Mexican President Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, decided to maintain a defensive position, and the siege began. The Mexicans were cut off from most supplies and information, but the rebels had little in the way of supplies as well and were forced to forage. The Battle of Concepcià ³n On October 27, militia leaders Jim Bowie and James Fannin, along with some 90 men, disobeyed Austins orders and set up a defensive encampment on the grounds of the Concepcià ³n mission. Seeing the Texians divided, Cos attacked at first light the next day. The Texians were greatly outnumbered but kept their cool and drove off the attackers. The Battle of Concepcià ³n was a great victory for the Texians and did much to improve morale. The Grass Fight On November 26, the Texians got word that a relief column of Mexicans was approaching San Antonio. Led once again by Jim Bowie, a small squad of Texans attacked, driving the Mexicans into San Antonio. The Texians found out that it was not reinforcements after all, but some men sent out to cut some grass for the animals trapped inside San Antonio. Although the â€Å"Grass Fight† was something of a fiasco, it helped convince the Texians that the Mexicans inside San Antonio were getting desperate. Who Will Go with Old Ben Milam Into Bexar? After the grass fight, the Texians were indecisive about how to proceed. Most of the officers wanted to retreat and leave San Antonio to the Mexicans, many of the men wanted to attack, and still others wanted to go home. Only when Ben Milam, a cranky original settler who had fought for Mexico against Spain, declared â€Å"Boys! Who will go with old Ben Milam into Bexar?† did the sentiment for attack become the general consensus. The attack began early on December 5. Assault on San Antonio The Mexicans, who enjoyed vastly superior numbers and a defensive position, did not expect an attack. The men were divided into two columns: one was led by Milam, the other by Frank Johnson. Texan artillery bombarded the Alamo and Mexicans who had joined the rebels and knew the town led the way. The battle raged in the streets, houses and public squares of the city. By nightfall, the rebels held strategic houses and squares. On the sixth of December, the forces continued to fight, with neither making significant gains. The Rebels Get the Upper Hand On the seventh of December, the battle began to favor the Texians. The Mexicans enjoyed position and numbers, but the Texans were more accurate and relentless. One casualty was Ben Milam, killed by a Mexican rifleman. Mexican General Cos, hearing that relief was on the way, sent two hundred men to meet them and escort them into San Antonio: the men, finding no reinforcements, quickly deserted. The effect of this loss on Mexican morale was enormous. Even when reinforcements did arrive on the eighth of December, they had little in the way of provisions or arms and therefore were not much help. End of the Battle By the ninth, Cos and the other Mexican leaders had been forced to retreat to the heavily fortified Alamo. By now, Mexican desertions and casualties were so high that the Texians now outnumbered the Mexicans in San Antonio. Cos surrendered, and under the terms, he and his men were allowed to leave Texas with one firearm apiece, but they had to swear never to return. By December 12, all the Mexican soldiers (except for the most gravely wounded) had disarmed or left. The Texians held a raucous party to celebrate their victory. The Aftermath of the Siege of San Antonio de Bexar The successful capture of San Antonio was a big boost to the Texian morale and cause. From there, some Texans even decided to cross into Mexico and attack the town of Matamoros (which ended in disaster). Still, the successful attack on San Antonio was, after the Battle of San Jacinto, the rebels biggest victory in the Texas Revolution. The city of San Antonio belonged to the rebels...but did they really want it? Many of the leaders of the independence movement, such as General Sam Houston, did not. They pointed out that most of the settlers homes were in eastern Texas, far from San Antonio. Why hold a city they did not need? Houston ordered Bowie to demolish the Alamo and abandon the city, but Bowie disobeyed. Instead, he fortified the city and the Alamo. This led directly to the bloody Battle of the Alamo on March 6, in which Bowie and nearly 200 other defenders were massacred. Texas would finally gain its independence in April  1836, with the Mexican defeat at the battle of San Jacinto. Sources: Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: New York: Anchor Books, 2004.the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

DMI Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DMI - Assignment Example Data was collected on the following variables: For the variable on the time of study, the histogram shows that 61% of respondents studied at night while the remaining 39% studied during the day. Studying until late in the night can have an impact on the results as a student takes exam while the brain is fatigued and is not functioning at its optimum. The histogram and summary statistics for number of hours slept is shown above. From the results, we see that the average hours of sleep for grade 12 students are 6.5 hours with a standard deviation of 1.35. It has been recommended that students should sleep for at least 6 hours to maximize their cognitive ability. A scatterplot of age versus hours slept shows a negative correlation, i.e. older persons tend to sleep fewer hours as compared to younger ones. Indeed, the results from the scatterplot are further confirmed by results from the correlation table. The correlation is -0.725 implying a negative correlation between the two variables. A plot of exam score against hours slept shows a positive correlation between the two variables. Further analysis through correlation shows a value of 0.617. Consequently, the preliminary analysis supports the null hypothesis that academic performance is positively related with the number of sleep hours. Further analysis through regression is needed to build confidence in this hypothesis. Final analysis of the data involved regression modeling using exam scores as the dependent variable and hours slept, age and food quality as the independent variables. The regression equation can be stated as follows: From the equation, it is observed that the intercept for the number of hours slept is positive implying that hours of sleep positively impacts test scores. This can be stated as follows: a unit increase in hours slept results into a 4.479 unit increase in examination scores. However, age and food quality have a

Nationality, immigration and asylum law Coursework

Nationality, immigration and asylum law - Coursework Example At the same time, he suffers serious eye problems to such an extent that if medical facilities are not available he may go blind. To further add his misery, last week, a co-worker has threatened him to report to immigration authorities being stayed illegally. He engulfs with a fear of being deported from UK. UK Border Agency (UKBA) treats the claim of asylum as human rights claim. Insertion of Humanitarian Protection makes Immigration Rules practicable. The asylum application should contain one of the following grounds: a) whether qualifies for asylum under paragraph 334 of the Immigration Rules b) whether the applicant qualifies for Humanitarian Protection under paragraph 339C of the Immigration Rules c) whether the applicant qualifies for discretionary leave on other ECHR grounds d) Is it applicable under article 3 that fall outside the scope of the Immigration Rules on Humanitarian Protection and e) whether the individual circumstances are so compelling that a grant of discretiona ry leave is appropriate which is rare1. Mentioned process in asylum cases should strictly be applied by the incumbents irrespective of the fact that neither ECHR nor Humanitarian Protection has been mentioned specifically by the applicant. The other category of the applicants should seek shelter under the umbrella of Humanitarian Protection or other ECHR. ... In cited cases possibility of seeking assurances from the concerned authorities of the country of return is utmost important under the ECHR and the Immigration Rules. However, a deportee may contact to Asylum Operational Policy Unit via a senior caseworker before being returned to his / her country of origin4. The issues of human rights for the non-UK nationals are crucial in the sense that they have to face language barriers, lack of information on their rights, discourse on migration and asylum make it more complex. As per the practice in vogue, if detainee is detained in prison, custody suites or removal centers requires an independent inspection and investigation5. The lack of awareness about the immigration laws amongst the legal / illegal immigrants put them in knee-deep waters. In a report titled â€Å"Our Hidden Borders† written by Latif and Martynowicz examines in details the current law, policy and practice on the detention of offenders of immigration law and asylum seekers in line with the UK commitments under international human rights law. The findings of investigative report speak for itself about human rights concerns / violations6. The report in question discussed the policies, law and practice that govern the UK Border Agency and the involvement of Police Service of Northern Ireland. Each and every individual since birth has the right of liberty and security. No one shall usurp the rights of others by way of arbitrary arrest or detention. No one can be deprived of his / her liberty provided such grounds exits and in accordance with the prevalent law of the land. It is the right of the detainee to know the cause of arrest at the time of his /

Managers Function, Skills and Role Essay Example for Free

Managers Function, Skills and Role Essay

Comfort Of Our Own Homes Essay -- social issues

Comfort Of Our Own Homes Violence is very wide spread in society today and is growing at an alarming rate among our children. Everyday we seem to hear of children beating on one another, ganging up on the elderly, invading homes, and even murdering people. One has to question how much effect different sorts of media have on our children. From the time we are very young we can be exposed to seeing and hearing horrible acts of violence on the television and radio, and through video games. Sadly, I believe this is where it all starts - in the comfort of our own homes. Over and over again children watch violent programs and play video games with the goal of killing others. Eventually many of them find it amusing and enjoyable to see others being hurt and killed. Parents, in general, are not protecting their kids from this invasion of media violence. Many children laugh at violence and think it’s funny to hurt others. According to David Grossman, a former psychology professor and author of a Pulitzer-nominated book on the psychology of violence, the most dangerous of all media is that which teaches the child to laugh. â€Å" Once you get beyond the early age where kids are stunned and mesmerized by TV and can’t tell the difference between fantasy and reality, you find they begin to laugh at the violence†. (Grierson, Adbusters 2) Children who view a lot of television become hardened to violence. â€Å" Media violence systematically brutalizes and desensitizes its r...

Xacc 280 Financial Statement Analysis

Feedback is at the end of the paper. The three of financial statement analysis are horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. The function of all three analyses is to evaluate the significance of financial statements data. Horizontal analysis function is to evaluate and compare data given by the financial statement for at least two years with in its own company. Vertical analysis expresses the amounts of the financial statements as a percentage from the amounts given on the financial statements. Vertical analysis also makes it so that companies can compare how they are doing with competing companies. Ratio analysis is used to evaluate liquidity, profitability, and solvency. PepsiCo. Calculations: Ratio: 2005 Current Ratio: 1. 11:1 10,454/9,406=1. 1114 2004 Current Ratio: 1. 28:1 8,639/6,752=1. 2794 Vertical Analysis: 2005 current assets 10,454 / total assets 31,727=0. 3294 or 32. 9% 2004 current assets 8,639 / total assets 27,987=. 3086 or 30. 7% Horizontal Analysis: Assets increased in 2005 by 13% Total assets 2005 31,727-total assets 2004 27,987=3740/ 27,987=. 33 or 13% Liabilities increased by 21% Total liability 2005 17,476-total liability 2004 14,464=3012/14,464=. 208 or 21% Coca-Cola Calculations: Ratios: Current Ratio for 2005 1. 04:1 10,250/9,836=1. 042 Current Ratio for 2004 1. 10:1 12,281/11,133=1. 103 Vertical Analysis: 2005 Current Assets 10,250/total assets 29,427=. 348 or 35% 2004 current assets 12,281/total assets 31,441=. 390 or 39% Horizontal Analysis: Curre nt assets decreased by 17% Current assets in 2005 10,250-current assets 2004 12,281=-2031/current assets 2004 12,281=-. 65 or -17% Current liability decreased by 12% in 2005 Current liability in 2005 9,836- current liability in 2004 11,133=-1297/current liability in 2004 11,133=-. 116 or 12% Good Effort on the CheckPoint See more feedback below. | Â  | CheckPoint 25/points| Points Earned 21. 5/25| Â  | Write in 100 to 200 words an explanation of the three tools of financial statement analysis and the function of each. | 5/5 points| Â  | three tools of financial statement analysis| Â  | 3| The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. Sentences are well constructed, with consistently strong, varied sentences. Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. Spelling is correct. | Â  | 1| The paper is 100 to 200 words in length. | Â  | 1| Feedback Concept seems to be learned. | Additional Comments:| Â  | Calculate the following for PepsiCo, Inc. and show your work and Calculate the following for Coca-Cola and show your work: | 19/20 points| Â  | Ratio analysis| Â  | Â  | Tool: Current ratio for 2005| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| Â  | 1| Coca-Cola| Â  | 1| Tool: Current ratio for 2004| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| Â  | 1| Coca-Cola| Â  | 1| | Â  | Â  | Vertical analysis| Â  | Â  | Tool: Current assets ? total assets in 2005| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| Â  | 2| Coca-Cola| Â  | 2| Tool: Current assets ? total assets in 2004| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| $8,639 ? $27,987 = 30. 9%| 2| Coca-Cola| $12,281 ? $31,441 = 39. 1%| 2| | Â  | Â  | Horizontal analysis| Â  | Â  | Tool :Percent change in total assets (2005 ? 2004)| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| Â  | 2| Tool :Percent change in current assets (2005 ? 2004)| ($10250-12281) ? $12281 = -16. 5 %| Â  | Coca-Cola| ($29,427 – $31,441) ? $31,441 = -6. %| 1. 5| Tool: Percent change in total liabilities (2005 ? 2004)| Â  | Â  | Pepsico| Â  | 2| Tool: Percent change in current liabilities (2005 ? 2004)| ($9836 – $11133) ? $11133 = -11. 65%| Â  | Coca-Cola| ($13,072 – $15,506) ? $15,506 = -16%| 1. 5| Â  | Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Feedback: All figures looked good but you did the horizontal analysis on the Pepsico for the Total assest and did the current assets for Coca-Cola. You need to compare the same numbers in the companies to be able to complete a correct analysis. | Additional Comments:Â  | Â  | Late One Day 25 *. 0 | Â  | -2. 5| Total 25/Points | Points Earned 21. 5/25| Â  | | Â  | 21. 5| Overall Comments: Late assignments receive a 10% deduction for each day they are late. Assignments are late if they are not posted by midnight Arizona time (MST) of the day they are due. Assignments that are more than 4 days late will not be accepted unless we have negotiated and mutually agreed upon an alternative submission date in advance. Unless an Incomplete grade has been granted, student assignments submitted after the last day of class will not be accepted. | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | | | |

Cultural Critique on the Internet

Through the onset of industrialization, countries all over the world had experienced remarkable changes in its society. Sophisticated technologies, gadgets and facilities had been made available to man. These inventions, which are results of man’s work, pave the way to the society’s advancements. One of the most remarkable artifacts that the new milieu brought into picture is the internet.The advent of the internet came into vision â€Å"when people in the early 1960s saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields† (Brief History of the Internet). J. C. R. Licklider was said to be the pioneering person of the internet. In 1962, he proposed a global network of computers and work to develop it (Brief History of the Internet). The initial efforts of Licklider had inspired other people to participate in designing and bringing internet into a complete picture.The theory of pocket switc hing developed by Leonard Kleinrock ‘forms the basis of internet connections. ’ In the year 1969, ARPANET (initial name given to internet) was brought on line. It was first used to connect four Universities in the United States to provide a channel for research communication and exchange. Early times of internet use and connection were very complex. Furthermore, the used of the internet was only limited to education, government and research use.Commercial used of the internet was then prohibited. This prohibition was put to an end when the ‘dot-com boom’ in the second half of 1990’s hit the stock market and media (Gozzi Jr. 470). Investments for the commercialization of the internet were in demand during these years. It was also during these times when Microsoft had its ‘full scale entry into browser, server and Internet Service Provider market completed the shift t a commercially based Internet’ (A Brief History of the Internet).As seen today, the internet industry or the ‘dot-com’ economy is continuously growing and taking an advance step everyday. The definition as well as the description of the internet was finalized and passed as a resolution on October 24, 1995. The following statement provides the definition and description of the internet: RESOLUTION: The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term â€Å"Internet†.â€Å"Internet† refers to the global information system that — (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein (Leiner et al n. p).This technology grants mechanism to people throughout the globe to process and relay information without regard for geographic location. It has been a channel for communication, business, community operations and education. It opened the possibilities of on line learning and business negotiation and made the life of individuals to be modern and sophisticated. Through the onset of this technology, advancement in the society and man’s culture also took place. The benefits that this technology bring is said to be limitless and essential. However, at present times, people seem to abuse the used of the internet.Such abuse initiated the negative implications and harm of the said artifact to the society as a whole. The community had too much relied on the features of the internet. In an article written by Greenblatt, he argued that the rise of the internet had negatively affected traditional television (1 49). It is feared that the internet would eventually kill television as it does in the music industry and in the print media. Competition between traditional television and the internet arises. It was noted in the article of Greenblatt that people spend less time in viewing the television than they do in the net.Through on line streaming, watching sports, concert of artists, etc is now possible. It is showed that the traditional way of watching (i. e. with the use of television) had been altered due to internet boom. While it can be said that the presence of internet provides the benefit for individuals to watch programs in their most convenient time, it is still unfair because other industries suffer. Too much dependence of the public to the internet had brought the problem of unfair competition. People’s way of socializing was also altered through the used of the internet.The usual way of meeting and knowing a particular person had been changed. Most people use the internet to meet and socialize with new people. This has been made possible through the used of chat rooms as well as other internet sites like friendster. The value of having friends is not the main question being posed. The threat for such sites and chat rooms is the opportunity for on line prostitution and other crimes to take place (Clemmitt 450). The internet had (in no doubt) expanded prostitution, bringing it available not only on the area where a certain prostitute lives but also in nearby cities or town.The invention of the internet has also given rise to a new kind of addiction, which is online porn addiction where ‘there's no doubt that some people's porn consumption gets them in trouble — in the form of maxed-out credit cards, lost sleep, neglected responsibilities, or neglected loved ones’ (Martin F. Downs). Violent acts of children are also partly blamed on the internet. On line games which most children and youngsters play depict violence which eventually changes their psychological behavior.The increase in violent acts of these youngsters eventually contributes to an increase in crime. Early exposure of these youngsters to act of violence and other adult materials can bring unfavorable effect to their perception about the reality. Addiction to these on line games had also reduced their time for physical activities therefore bringing the problem of obesity. ‘Dr Robinson from the British Nutrition foundation said 40% of boys and 60% of girls were found to spend less than the recommended one hour per day in physical activity’ (BBC News).The most controversial and frightening contribution of the internet is the opportunity that it provides for act of terrorism. Terrorist are availing the opportunity to connect with the internet and used this artifact as a propaganda tool (Anderson 25). Since every machine that is connected to the internet is potentially a broad casting station, a printing press or a place of assembly, terro rists can now disseminate their information undiluted by the media and untouched by government censors. In the past, the al-Quaeda had benefited from the extensive use of the internet not until their network was intercepted.The following statement, which basically tackles on how terrorists’ actions were improved through the aid of the internet, was cited in Anderson’s work (2003). â€Å"Using the Internet for communication can increase speed of mobilization and allow more dialogue between members, which enhances the organization’s flexibility, since tactics can be adjusted more frequently. Individuals with a common agenda and goals can form subgroups, meet at a target location, conduct terrorist operations, and then readily determine their relationships and re-disperse† (27).Documents accessed through internet connection also provided the Al-Queada to obtain details regarding the design lay out of the World Trade Center which contributed to the success of making their plans. The Al-Queada group had developed their action in using the internet as a tool for terrorism. It is alarming to think that future terrorists would follow the step taken by the mentioned group and may even develop more powerful and sophisticated programs that would aid in the threat of terrorism. The internet had initiated the risk of cyber terrorism.Internet’s role in shaping today’s culture is indeed remarkable and at the same time threatening. Pioneers of this artifact may have the pure intention to bring the world in the state of modernization. However, it is sad to know that upon the onset of modernization comes the threat and harm that the internet posed. Overuse, misused and overdependence of people in this artifact will in no doubt bring several detrimental effects. As discussed from the examples above, actions of people as well as their cultural identity are negatively being altered by the mere presence of the internet.The internet’s original purpose of making information accessible, sharing this information in a fast pace and making long distance communication possible had been abusively used by some people therefore bringing a negative impact on the society’s culture. Our world nowadays is continuously progressing and accompanying this progress is the innovation of new artifacts. Truly, these new artifacts had taken a vital role in shaping our society’s culture as well as shaping the minds of people. These innovations would be more likely to be inevitable.Every new artifact is invented to somehow benefit and bring people a comfortable way of living, however, one should not overlook the harm that these new artifacts may bring. Every time that we take a step towards advancement comes the opportunity for societal and cultural change. These changes bring forth several issues and problems that are more likely to have negative outcomes. The internet has had its effects on society at present and it wil l have its effects in the future. The future of the internet is faced with the question on how management of change and evolution would be done.Let us not keep ourselves to be tongue tied and see how the negative outcomes abolish our cultural and societal identity. We should act on this matter. Work Cited Anderson, Alison. â€Å"Risk, Terrorism, and the Internet. † Knowledge, Technology & Policy 16 (2003): 24-33 BBC News, â€Å"Health Symptoms in Obese children. † 16 May 2008 . â€Å"Brief History of the Internet. † 28 May 2008 . Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Prostitution debate. † CQ Researcher, May 23, 2008: CQ Researcher Online. Capella Lib. 29 May 2008 . Downs, Martin F. â€Å"Is pornography addictive. † 16 May 2008 . Greenblatt, Allan. â€Å"Television's future. † CQ Researcher, February 16, 2007: CQ Researcher Online. Capella Lib. 29 May 2008 . Leiner Barry M. , V. G. Cerf, D. D. Clark, R. E. Kahn, L. Kleinrock, D. C. Lynch, J. Postel, L. G. Roberts and S. Wolff. â€Å"Brief History of Internet. † 10 December 2003. Internet society. 28 May 2008 . Cultural Critique on the Internet Through the onset of industrialization, countries all over the world had experienced remarkable changes in its society. Sophisticated technologies, gadgets and facilities had been made available to man. These inventions, which are results of man’s work, pave the way to the society’s advancements. One of the most remarkable artifacts that the new milieu brought into picture is the internet.The advent of the internet came into vision â€Å"when people in the early 1960s saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields† (Brief History of the Internet). J. C. R. Licklider was said to be the pioneering person of the internet. In 1962, he proposed a global network of computers and work to develop it (Brief History of the Internet). The initial efforts of Licklider had inspired other people to participate in designing and bringing internet into a complete picture.The theory of pocket switc hing developed by Leonard Kleinrock ‘forms the basis of internet connections. ’ In the year 1969, ARPANET (initial name given to internet) was brought on line. It was first used to connect four Universities in the United States to provide a channel for research communication and exchange. Early times of internet use and connection were very complex. Furthermore, the used of the internet was only limited to education, government and research use.Commercial used of the internet was then prohibited. This prohibition was put to an end when the ‘dot-com boom’ in the second half of 1990’s hit the stock market and media (Gozzi Jr. 470). Investments for the commercialization of the internet were in demand during these years. It was also during these times when Microsoft had its ‘full scale entry into browser, server and Internet Service Provider market completed the shift t a commercially based Internet’ (A Brief History of the Internet).As seen today, the internet industry or the ‘dot-com’ economy is continuously growing and taking an advance step everyday. The definition as well as the description of the internet was finalized and passed as a resolution on October 24, 1995. The following statement provides the definition and description of the internet: RESOLUTION: The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term â€Å"Internet†.â€Å"Internet† refers to the global information system that — (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein (Leiner et al n.p). This technology grants mechanism to people throughout the globe to process and relay information without regard for geographic location. It has been a channel for communication, business, community operations and education. It opened the possibilities of on line learning and business negotiation and made the life of individuals to be modern and sophisticated. Through the onset of this technology, advancement in the society and man’s culture also took place. The benefits that this technology bring is said to be limitless and essential.However, at present times, people seem to abuse the used of the internet. Such abuse initiated the negative implications and harm of the said artifact to the society as a whole. The internet has also brought succor to the lives of many people in economically less developed countries that have a somewhat substandard educational system. This is by way of accessing the on line learning materials of world-class universities around the world. They are able to access up-to-date information on almost all subjects and upgrade their knowledge.The community had too much relied on the features of the internet. In an article written by Greenblatt, he argued that the rise of the internet had negatively affected traditional television (149). It is feared that the internet would eventually kill television as it does in the music industry and in the print media. Competition between traditional television and the internet arises. It was noted in the article of Greenblatt that people spend less time in viewing the television than they do in the net. Through on line streaming, watching sports, concert of artists, etc is now possible.It is showed that the traditional way of watching (i. e. with the use of television) had been altered due to internet boom. While it can be said that the presence of internet provides the benefit for individuals to watch programs in thei r most convenient time, it is still unfair because other industries suffer. Too much dependence of the public to the internet had brought the problem of unfair competition. People’s way of socializing was also altered through the use of the internet. The usual way of meeting and knowing a particular person had been changed.Most people use the internet to meet and socialize with new people. This has been made possible through the use of chat rooms as well as other internet sites like friendster. The value of having friends is not the main question being posed. The threat for such sites and chat rooms is the opportunity for on line prostitution and other crimes to take place (Clemmitt 450). The internet had (in no doubt) expanded prostitution, bringing it available not only on the area where a certain prostitute lives but also in nearby cities or town.The invention of the internet has also given rise to a new kind of addiction, which is online porn addiction where ‘there' s no doubt that some people's porn consumption gets them in trouble — in the form of maxed-out credit cards, lost sleep, neglected responsibilities, or neglected loved ones’ (Martin F. Downs). Violent acts of children are also partly blamed on the internet. On line games which most children and youngsters play depict violence which eventually changes their psychological behavior.The increase in violent acts of these youngsters eventually contributes to an increase in crime. Early exposure of these youngsters to act of violence and other adult materials can bring unfavorable effect to their perception about the reality. Addiction to these on line games had also reduced their time for physical activities therefore bringing the problem of obesity. ‘Dr Robinson from the British Nutrition foundation said 40% of boys and 60% of girls were found to spend less than the recommended one hour per day in physical activity’ (BBC News).Moreover, child pornography on the internet is one of the bad practices that the internet has been able to cultivate. Aside from children being used as prostitutes, other young children also visit pornographic sites. This does untold psychological damage to these children as they do not know what is right and what is not. They are sometimes compelled to practice what they have seen, thereby contributing to the increasing level of moral decadence. Also the danger of teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and other forms of bad deeds has been blown out of proportion by exposure to the internet.The most controversial and frightening contribution of the internet is the opportunity that it provides for act of terrorism. Terrorist are availing the opportunity to connect with the internet and used this artifact as a propaganda tool (Anderson 25). Acts of terrorism can now be perpetuated now, easier than before with the use of the internet. The most benign way of this act is the production of malicious softwares i n the form of computer viruses, worms, Trojans and crawlers. This causes instability of these computer machines, to the detriment of the user.every machine that is connected to the internet is potentially a broad casting station, a printing press or a place of assembly, terrorists can now disseminate their information undiluted by the media and untouched by government censors. In the past, the al-Quaeda had benefited from the extensive use of the internet not until their network was intercepted. The following statement, which basically tackles on how terrorists’ actions were improved through the aid of the internet, was cited in Anderson’s work (2003).â€Å"Using the Internet for communication can increase speed of mobilization and allow more dialogue between members, which enhances the organization’s flexibility, since tactics can be adjusted more frequently. Individuals with a common agenda and goals can form subgroups, meet at a target location, conduct terr orist operations, and then readily determine their relationships and re-disperse† (27). Documents accessed through internet connection also provided the Al-Queada to obtain details regarding the design lay out of the World Trade Center which contributed to the success of making their plans.The Al-Queada group had developed their action in using the internet as a tool for terrorism. It is alarming to think that future terrorists would follow the step taken by the mentioned group and may even develop more powerful and sophisticated programs that would aid in the threat of terrorism. The internet had initiated the risk of cyber terrorism. Internet’s role in shaping today’s culture is indeed remarkable and at the same time threatening. Pioneers of the internet may have the pure intention to bring the world in the state of modernization.However, it is sad to know that upon the onset of modernization comes the threat and harm that the internet posed. Overuse, misuse an d overdependence of people in this technology will in no doubt bring several detrimental effects. As discussed from the examples above, actions of people as well as their cultural identity are negatively being altered by the mere presence of the internet. The world is increasingly been described as being ‘westernised’ since everyone, especially the youth, are increasingly turning to the way of life of the Americans and Europeans.The internet’s original purpose of making information accessible, sharing this information in a fast pace and making long distance communication possible had been abusively used by some people therefore bringing a negative impact on the society’s culture. Our world nowadays is continuously progressing and accompanying this progress is the innovation of new artifacts. Truly, these new artifacts had taken a vital role in shaping our society’s culture as well as shaping the minds of people. These innovations would be more likel y to be inevitable.Every new artifact is invented to somehow benefit and bring people a comfortable way of living, however, one should not overlook the harm that these new artifacts may bring. Every time that we take a step towards advancement comes the opportunity for societal and cultural change. These changes bring forth several issues and problems that are more likely to have negative outcomes. The internet has had its effects on society at present and it will have its effects in the future. The future of the internet is faced with the question on how management of change and evolution would be done.The internet has got the potential of turning the world to a single-culture, single language world. This would have far reaching effects as it would eliminate the numerous world cultures that have been built since the beginning of time. All the ancient civilizations are still visible today because they have been preserved in one way or the other. Because of this, people travel to the se locations as tourists. In this way, the memories are kept alive. The rate the internet craze is going, this trend is likely to be reversed since people can see these locations on the screens of their computers.Let us not keep ourselves to be tongue tied and see how the negative outcomes abolish our cultural and societal identity. We should act on this matter. Action, they say, is louder than voice. Work Cited Anderson, Alison. â€Å"Risk, Terrorism, and the Internet. † Knowledge, Technology & Policy 16 (2003): 24-33 BBC News, â€Å"Health Symptoms in Obese children. † 16 May 2008 . â€Å"Brief History of the Internet. † 28 May 2008 . Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Prostitution debate. † CQ Researcher, May 23, 2008: CQ Researcher Online. Capella Lib.29 May 2008 . Downs, Martin F. â€Å"Is pornography addictive. † 16 May 2008 . Greenblatt, Allan. â€Å"Television's future. † CQ Researcher, February 16, 2007: CQ Researcher Online. Capella Lib. 29 M ay 2008 . Leiner Barry M. , V. G. Cerf, D. D. Clark, R. E. Kahn, L. Kleinrock, D. C. Lynch, J. Postel, L. G. Roberts and S. Wolff. â€Å"Brief History of Internet. † 10 December 2003. Internet society. 28 May 2008 .

Compare and Contrast Women Essays

Compare and Contrast Women Essays Compare and Contrast Women Essay Compare and Contrast Women Essay Jobs a. Opportunities Didnt have much of a opportunities Have a lot more opportunities Career Option: Back in the beginning of the sass, having a career as a woman was almost unheard of. Of course, one may stumble upon a woman who was locally famous for taking care of her family through work in the absence of a male provider or husband. Women were expected to stay at home, take care of the children and let their husband bring home the pay check. Most of them were dominated by the man of the house; providing whatever the man dictated, food on the table when they name home, house cleaned, kids taken care of and anything else handled. Today women are not necessarily staying home but are out making their own money. They now have the option to work at home or to go out and have a successful career, economy permitting. Womens greatest victory over the past 100 years is probably the and is in some ways the great equalizer in the Job market. And even if a mother cant stay home to raise her kids and trade mommy stories with friends and family, she is blessed with the miracle of the Internet to keep on top of the best practices to follow in her personal and professional lives. Men are far more independent financially than 100 years ago Despite changes in the nature of work women were involved in after the war, by the end of the sass women were a bigger proportion of the workforce than in 1939. The post-war upswing, technology, and the expansion of higher education, increased expectations for women. B. Pay: Horrible Better than the past IV. Rights a. Education They b. Right to vote 100 years ago women did not have the rig ht to vote- only to sit and watch. In 1920 that right was finally granted and now women not only vote but run for Presidency. . Today c. Right to speak out to the government women could not vote or be involved in mainstream politics; most were not in unions 2. Today Liberation: In todays world, women are far more liberated then they ever were 100 years ago. They now have the right to follow their dreams, speak in meetings, seminars, hold careers and even have the choice of staying at home to raise a family or working outside the home for what they want. Women are now lawyers, doctors, surgeons, car repair techs, computer techs and even Secretaries of State or Senators. They are more or less free to do what they want without being held or pushed into a ox of what should be done or what is allowed. Their minds are allowed to be freed however they wish. D. Marriage Pregnancy and childbirth were hazardous and frequent, as dangerous as abortion, which was illegal. Contraception was almost totally unavailable. Divorce was complicated and outside the reach of the poor. Cohabitation and illegitimacy were frowned on and stigmatize 2. Today Reproduction: As times changed and women were given more rights as well as more freedom they started to reproduce at a faster rate. However, I think this was for many reasons. In the old days (100 years ago) women were raised and brought up to have rime to go outside the marriage, today, women are having intimate relations with whomever and whenever they want. V. Conclusion 1. Summary Women were denied the right to do many things 100 years ago. They were denied many freedoms and expected to comply with the demands of men and society. Women no longer have to be at-home wives but now have the option of going to work or staying home to take care of the kids. Education can be said to be the great equalizer on behalf of women in the U. S. Generally, society has less influence on the conduct of women today. AMONG THE MANY remarkable upheavals of the 20th century, the huge increase in womens employment stands out. The shift of women to paid labor has led to a widespread transformation of the traditional rules and practices of daily life, not only at workplaces, but in families. As work and family changed, there were rev erberations throughout society. The roles women play today would be unrecognizable to our forebears of 100 years ago. Still, for all the change, the revolution remains incomplete. The arithmetic is simpleif womens Jobs require 30, 40 or more hours a week, they cannot spend those same hours caring for their families. Society has not focused on the need to provide alternative types of care, particularly for children and the elderly, during the time that caregivers are employed. To finish the revolution, new institutions and new arrangements are in order. In 1900, 20% of workforce women were married. Only in minority, immigrant, or destitute families were married women likely to be engaged in paid work. Employed mothers were even rarer. Over the course of the next 100 years, though, a variety of forces drew additional females, including mothers of very young children, into the labor force. Throughout the last entry, employers particularly sought women for several rapidly growing occupations, including clerical duties, teaching, and nursing. These were Jobs that men usually declined, in part because they were relatively low paying and offered little chance for advancement, and in part because they were stigmatize as womens work. At the same time, more and more women completed the high school or college degrees necessary to hold these Jobs. In the last 25 years, fields have opened up that virtually had been closed to females and vast numbers were educated in law, medicine, business, and engineering. Womens earnings increased commensurate with their education, making employment even more attractive. WOMENS RIGHTS. Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights a nd career opportunities than men. Whooped and motherhood were regarded as womens most significant professions. In the 20th century, however, women in most nations won the right to vote and increased their educational and Job accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. Early Attitudes Toward Women Since early times women have been uniquely viewed as a creative source of human fife. Historically, however, they have been considered not only intellectually inferior to men but also a major source of temptation and evil. In Greek mythology, for example, it was a woman, Pandora, who opened the forbidden box and brought plagues and unhappiness to mankind. Early Roman law described women as children, forever inferior to men. Early Christian theology perpetuated these views. SST. Jerome, a 4th-century Latin father of the Christian church, said: Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object. Thomas Aquinas, he 13th-century Christian theologian, said that woman was created to be mans helpmate, but her unique role is in conception Since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men. The attitude toward women in the East was at first more favorable. In ancient India, for example, women were not deprived of property rights or individual freedoms by marriage. But Hinduism, which evolved in India after about 500 BC, required obedience of women toward men. Women had to walk behind their husbands. Women could not own property, and widows could not remarry. In both East and West, male children were preferred over female children. Nevertheless, when they were allowed personal and intellectual freedom, women made significant achievements. During the Middle Ages nuns played a key role in the religious life of Europe. Aristocratic women enjoyed power and prestige. Whole eras were influenced by women rulers for instance, Queen Elizabeth of England in the 16th century, Catherine the Great of Russia in the 18th century, and Queen Victoria of England in the 19th century. The Weaker Sex? Women were long considered naturally weaker than men, squeamish, and unable to reform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most preinstall societies, for example, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving heavier labor such as hunting and plowing to men. This ignored the fact that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required heavy, sustained labor. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that women live longer and are more resistant to many diseases. Maternity, the natural biological role of women, has traditionally been regarded as he home has largely determined the ways in which women have expressed themselves. Today, contraception and, in some areas, legalized abortion have given women greater control over the number of children they will bear. Although these developments have freed women for roles other than motherhood, the cultural pressure for women to become wives and mothers still prevents many talented women from finishing college or pursuing careers. Traditionally a middle-class girl in Western culture tended to learn from her mothers example that cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behavior expected of ere when she grew up. Tests made in the sass showed that the scholastic achievement of girls was higher in the early grades than in high school. The major reason given was that the girls own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood. This trend has been changing in recent decades. Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys. In colonial America girls learned to read and write at dame schools. They could attend the asters schools for boys when there was room, usually during the summer when most of the boys were working. By the end of the 19th century, however, the number of women students had increased greatly. Higher education particularly was broadened by the rise of womens colleges and the admission of women to regular colleges and universities. In 1870 an estimated one fifth of resident college and university students were women. By 1900 the proportion had increased to more than one third. Women obtained 19 percent of all undergraduate college degrees around the beginning of the 20th century. By 1984 the figure had sharply increased to 49 percent. Women also increased their numbers in graduate study. By the mid-sass women were earning 49 percent of all masters degrees and about 33 percent of all doctoral degrees. In 1985 about 53 percent of all college students were women, more than one quarter of whom were above age 29. The Legal Status of Women The myth of the natural inferiority of women greatly influenced the status of women in law. Under the common law of England, an unmarried woman could own property, make a contract, or sue and be sued. But a married woman, defined as being one tit her husband, gave up her name, and virtually all her property came under her husbands control. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions. If a poor man chose to send his children to the poorhouse, the mother was legally defenseless to object. Some communities, however, modified the common law to allow women to act as lawyers in the courts, to Equity law, which developed in England, emphasized the principle of equal rights rather than tradition. Equity law had a liberalizing effect upon the legal rights of omen in the United States. For instance, a woman could sue her husband. Mississippi in 1839, followed by New York in 1848 and Massachusetts in 1854, passed laws allowing married women to own property separate from their husbands. In divorce law, however, generally the divorced husband kept legal control of both children and property. In the 19th century, women began working outside their homes in large numbers, notably in textile mills and garment shops. In poorly ventilated, crowded rooms women (and children) worked for as long as 12 hours a day. Great Britain passed a en-hour-day law for women and children in 1847, but in the United States it was not until the sass that the states began to pass legislation limiting working hours and improving working conditions of women and children. Eventually, however, some of these labor laws were seen as restricting the rights of working women. For instance, laws prohibiting women from working more than an eight-hour day or from working at night effectively prevented women from holding many Jobs, particularly supervisory positions, that might require overtime work. Laws in some states prohibited women from lifting weights above a certain amount varying room as little as 15 pounds (7 kilograms) again barring women from many Jobs. During the sass several federal laws improving the economic status of women were passed. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required equal wages for men and women doing equal work. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination against women by any company with 25 or more employees. A Presidential Executive Order in 1967 prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal government contractors. But discrimination in other fields persisted. Many retail stores would not issue independent credit cards to married women. Divorced or single women often found it difficult to obtain credit to purchase a house or a car. Laws concerned with welfare, crime, prostitution, and abortion also displayed a bias against women. In possible violation of a womans right to privacy, for example, a mother receiving government welfare payments was subject to frequent investigations in order to verify her welfare claim. Sex discrimination in the definition of crimes existed in some areas of the United States. A woman who shot and killed her husband would be accused of homicide, but the shooting of a wife by her husband could be termed a passion hooting. Only in 1968, for another example, did the Pennsylvania courts void a state law which required that any woman convicted of a felony be sentenced to the maximum punishment prescribed by law. Often women prostitutes were prosecuted although their male customers were allowed to go free. In most states abortion was legal only if the mothers life was Judged to be physically endangered. In 1973, however, the United States Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict a Until well into the 20th century, women in Western European countries lived under any of the same legal disabilities as women in the United States. For example, until 1935, married women in England did not have the full right to own property and to enter into contracts on a par with unmarried women. Only after 1920 was legislation passed to provide working women with employment opportunities and pay equal to men. Not until the early sass was a law passed that equalized pay scales for men and women in the British civil service. Women at Work In colonial America, women who earned their own living usually became seamstresses or kept boardinghouses. But some women worked in professions and jobs available mostly to men. There were women doctors, lawyers, preachers, teachers, writers, and singers. By the early 19th century, however, acceptable occupations for working women were limited to factory labor or domestic work. Women were excluded from the professions, except for writing and teaching. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women. Prior to the sass there were almost no medical schools, and virtually any enterprising person could practice medicine. Indeed, obstetrics was the domain of women. Beginning in the 19th century, the required educational preparation, particularly for the practice of medicine, increased. This tended to prevent many young women, who married early and bore many children, from entering professional careers. Although home nursing was considered a proper female occupation, nursing in hospitals was done almost exclusively by men. Specific discrimination against women also began to appear. For example, the American Medical Association, founded in 1846, barred women from membership. Barred also from attending mens medical colleges, omen enrolled in their own for instance, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was established in 1850. By the sass, however, women were attending many leading medical schools, and in 191 5 the American Medical Association began to admit women members. In 1890, women constituted about 5 percent of the total doctors in the United States. During the sass the proportion was about 17 percent. At the same time the percentage of women doctors was about 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, however, about 32 percent of the total number of doctors and dentists were women. Women also had not greatly improved their status in other professions. In 1930 about 2 percent of all American lawyers and Judges were women in 1989, about 22 percent. In 1930 there were almost no women engineers in the United States. In 1989 the In contrast, the teaching profession was a large field of employment for women. In the late sass more than twice as many women as men taught in elementary and high schools. In higher education, however, women held only about one third of the teaching positions, concentrated in such fields as education, social service, home economics, nursing, and library science. A small proportion of women college and university teachers were in the physical sciences, engineering, agriculture, and law. The great majority of women who work are still employed in clerical positions, factory work, retail sales, and service Jobs. Secretaries, bookkeepers, and typists account for a large portion of women clerical workers. Women in factories often work as machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. Many women in service Jobs work as waitresses, cooks, hospital attendants, cleaning women, and hairdressers. During wartime women have served in the armed forces. In the United States during World War II almost 300,000 women served in the Army and Navy, performing such noncombatant Jobs as secretaries, typists, and nurses. Many European women fought in the underground resistance movements during World War II. In Israel women are drafted into the armed forces along with men and receive combat training. Women constituted more than 45 percent of employed persons in the United States in 1989, but they had only a small share of the decision-making Jobs. Although the number of women working as managers, officials, and other administrators has been increasing, in 1989 they were outnumbered about 1. 5 to 1 by men. Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in 1970 were paid about 45 percent less than men for the same Jobs; in 1988, about 32 percent less. Professional women did not get the important assignments and promotions given to their male colleagues. Many cases before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1970 were registered by women charging sex discrimination in Jobs. Working women often faced discrimination on the mistaken belief that, because they were married or would most likely get married, they would not be permanent workers. But married women generally continued on their Jobs for many years and ere not a transient, temporary, or undependable work force. From 1960 to the early sass the influx of married women workers accounted for almost half of the increase in the total labor force, and working wives were staying on their Jobs longer before starting families. The number of elderly working also increased markedly. Since 1960 more and more women with children have been in the work force. This change is especially dramatic for married women with children under age 6: 12 percent worked in 1950, 45 percent in 1980, and 57 percent in 1987. Just over half the mothers with children under age 3 were in the labor force in 1987. Black women with children are more likely to work than are white or Hispanic women who have children. Over half of all black families with children are maintained by the mother Despite their increased presence in the work force, most women still have primary responsibility for housework and family care. In the late sass men with an employed wife spent only about 1. 4 hours a week more on household tasks than those whose wife was a full-time homemaker. A crucial issue for many women is maternity leave, or time off from their Jobs after giving birth. By federal law a full-time worker is entitled to time off and a Job when he returns, but few states by the early sass required that the leave be paid. Many countries, including Mexico, India, Germany, Brazil, and Australia require companies to grant 12-week maternity leaves at full pay. Women in Politics American women have had the right to vote since 1920, but their political roles have been minimal. Not until 1984 did a major party choose a woman Geraldine Forearm of New York to run for vice-president (see Forearm). Jeannine Rankin of Montana, elected in 1917, was the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was he first black woman elected to the House of Representatives (see Chisholm). Hattie Caraway of Arkansas first appointed in 1932 was, in 1933, the first woman elected to the United States Senate. Senator Margaret Chase Smith served Maine for 24 years (1949-73). Others were Maurine Number of Oregon, Nancy London Assessable of Kansas, Paula Hawkins of Florida, and Barbara Muskie of Maryland. Wives of former governors became the first women governors Miriam A. Ferguson of Texas (1925-27 and 1933-35) and Nellie Taylor ROSS of Wyoming (1925-27) (see ROSS, Nellie Taylor). In 1974 Ella T. Grass of Connecticut won a governorship on her own merits. In 1971 Patience Swell Letting was elected mayor of Oklahoma City, at that time the largest city in the nation with a woman mayor. By 1979 two major cities were headed by women: Chicago, by Jane Byrne, and San Francisco, by Dianne Finest. Sharon Pratt Dixon was elected mayor of Washington, D. C. , in 1990. Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member as secretary of labor under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ovate Cull Hobby was secretary of health, education, and welfare in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Cabinet. Carla A. Hills was secretary of sousing and urban development in Gerald R. Fords Cabinet. Jimmy Carter chose two women for his original Cabinet Juanita M. Krebs as secretary of commerce and Patricia Roberts Harris as secretary of housing and urban development. Harris was the first African American woman in a presidential Cabinet. When the separate Department of Education was created, Carter named Shirley Mount Hypotheses to human services, and Elizabeth Dole, secretary of transportation. Under George Bush, Dole became secretary of labor; she was succeeded by Representative Lynn Martin. Bush chose Antonio Novel, a Hispanic, for surgeon general in 1990. Reagan set a precedent with his appointment in 1981 of Sandra Day OConnor as the first woman on the United States Supreme Court (see OConnor). The next year Bertha Wilson was named to the Canadian Supreme Court. In 1984 Jeanne Suave became Canadas first female governor-general (see Suave). In international affairs, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed to the United Nations in 1945 and served as chairman of its Commission on Human Rights (see Roosevelt, Eleanor). Eugenia Anderson was sent to Denmark in 1949 as the first woman ambassador from the United States. Jeanne Kirkpatrick was named ambassador to the United Nations in 1981. Three women held their countries highest elective offices by 1970. Charisma Bandannas was prime minister of Ceylon (now Sir Lankan) from 1960 to 1965 and from 1970 to 1977 (see Bandannas). Nadir Gandhi was prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 until her assassination in 1984 (see Gandhi, Nadir). Gold Meir was prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974 (see Meir). The first woman head of state in the Americas was Juan Persons widow, Isabel, president of Argentina in 1974-76 (see Person). Elisabeth Downtime was premier of the Central African Republic in 1975-76. Margaret Thatcher, who first became prime minister of Great Britain in 1979, was the only person in the 20th century to be reelected to that office for a third consecutive term (see Thatcher). Also in 1979, Simons Well of France became the first president of the European Parliament. In the early sass Vigils Familiarization was elected president of Iceland; Grog Harlem Borderland, prime minister of Norway; and Milk Placing, premier of Yugoslavia. In 1986 Carbon Aquinas became president of the Philippines (see Aquinas). From 1988 to 1990 Biennial Bout was prime minister of Pakistan the first woman to head a Muslim nation (see Bout). In 1990 Mary Robinson was elected president of Ireland and Violate Camphor, of Nicaragua. Australias first female premier was Carmen Lawrence of Western Australia (1990), and Canadas was Rite Johnston of British Columbia (1991). In 1991 Chalked Aziza became the prime minister of Bangladesh and Socialist Edith Sorenson was named Frances first female premier. Pollards first female prime minister, Hanna Cassocks, was elected in 1992. Feminist Philosophies At the end of the 18th century, individual liberty was being hotly debated. In 1789, during the French Revolution, Olympia De Gouges published a Declaration of the